大马士革玫瑰(Damask Rose，Rosa×damascena)
蔷薇科(Rosaceae)蔷薇属(Rosa)
学名：Rosa×damascena
中文名：大马士革玫瑰、保加利亚玫瑰、奥图玫瑰
大马士革玫瑰原生于中东，早在西元7世纪时波斯人就懂得利用蒸馏萃取精油，之后在鄂图曼帝国时期开始兴盛#2-4。大马士革现今全球都有栽种，尤以土耳其和保加利亚产量最多，因为它们的大马士革香气、滋味和药性最被人推崇，其他较多产量地区还包含伊朗、印度、中国、北非和欧洲#5-6。
【生理活性】
整株大马士革含有多样丰富的植化素，花朵富含多酚#7，而黄酮类、糖苷衍生物、萜烯类(terpenes)和花青素类等物质分布在不同部位#5,8，其它还有维他命A,C,K,B1,B2,B3、柠檬酸、苹果酸、果胶、单宁和胡萝卜素#9。主要酚类成分有山柰酚(kaempferol)、槲皮素(quercetin)、没食子酸(gallic acid)和矢车菊素(cyanidin)糖苷化合物#8，山柰酚、槲皮素和相关类似物是大马士革玫瑰甲醇萃取物内主要抗病毒(anti-HIV)的功效成分#10。根据Loghmani-Khouzani的研究#11，伊朗的大马士革精油主成分为β-香茅醇(β-Citronellol，14.5-47.5%)、十九烷(nonadecane，10.5-40.5%)、香叶醇(geraniol，5.5-18%)和二十一烷(henicosane，7-14%)。纯露约含有0.025-0.074%(v/w)的油性成分#12，较高浓度的挥发性物质有苯乙醇(2-phenylethanol，30.8-81.6%)、香茅醇(1.8-22.7%)、橙花醇(nerol，0.2-11.6%)和香叶醇(geraniol，0.9-16.8%)。
民俗疗法
千年前，波斯医学家Avicenna(980–1037 AD)描述大马士革玫瑰具有强心、保健肠胃、去体味、修复肌肤和黏膜，以及止痛和抗发炎等功效#13-14。18世纪时，波斯医药学家Aghili Shirazi(1670-1747 AD)在他的著作Storehouse of Medicaments中纪载，大马士革可缓解多种疾病引起的痛楚和对脑部的损伤#15-16。
抗氧化
大马士革花瓣的50%甲醇萃取液经检测具有优异的抗氧化力#17，能消除多种自由基和活性氧物质，有预防DNA氧化损伤的潜力，且细胞实验中显示无毒性。另一研究同样使用甲醇萃取，所得的产物也拥有抗氧化力#18。整株大马士革的酒精萃取物一样有抗氧化力表现#19，经分析多酚含量为2.63±0.16 mg/g。
抗菌
大马士革原精(萃取物)和精油有高浓度多酚物质#20，能有效对抗多种微生物，例如大肠杆菌、绿脓杆菌、枯草杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)、金黄色葡萄球菌、紫色色杆菌(Chromobacterium violaceum)和细菌性软腐病(Erwinia carotovora)，虽然纯露有苯甲醇，不过存在量并不足以产生抗菌效力#20。精油抑制金黄色葡萄球菌的效果较明显，对大肠杆菌和绿脓杆菌的抗菌力并不强#21。
花瓣也有抑菌性，80%甲醇萃取物显示对枯草杆菌、大肠杆菌、黑霉菌和白色念珠菌无效，但可抑制蜡样芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cereus)、金黄色葡萄球菌、表皮葡萄球菌和绿脓杆菌#22。大马士革花托的丁醇萃取液展现广泛且强效的抗菌力#23，研究指出能有效抑制食物中常见的肠道沙门氏菌(Salmonella typhimurium)和蜡样芽孢杆菌，水萃取物则能抑制金黄色葡萄球菌以及白色念珠菌。
感染伯氏疟原虫(Plasmodium berghei)的小鼠经腹腔注射10 mg/kg大马士革甲醇萃取物，可明显减少血液中寄生虫数#24。
止痛
92位18-24岁的经痛学生组成的临床实验表示#25，月经期间每日3次口服200mg大马士革果实70%酒精萃取物，能有效减轻经痛，效果和止痛药甲芬那酸(Mefenamic Acid)无明显差异。
相同的萃取物也使用在总计92位剖妇产孕妇的临床上#26，麻醉手术前给予400mg萃取物的孕妇在术后24小时内明显感受到的疼痛较少。
抗发炎
口服250-1000 mg/kg大马士革花瓣的酒水萃取物(EtOH-H 2 O，7:3)能减缓大鼠因化学物质引起的肿胀，发挥抗发炎功效，可是精油在实验剂量下无效#27。大鼠在连续4天诱发溃疡性大肠炎(Ulcerative colitis)前2小时先口服或腹腔注射大马士革酒水萃取物(EtOH-H 2 O，7:3)或精油，研究发现口服低剂量(100µl/kg)精油能减少溃疡，但浓度渐增时效果减弱；口服萃取物250-1000 mg/kg同样能缓解溃疡，且有剂量反应关系；注射萃取物125 mg/kg时表现轻微功效，浓度增至250 mg/kg以上则无效，在500 mg/kg时甚至导致有些大鼠死亡#28。
皮下注射250µg大马士革玫瑰胎座(placenta)50%酒精萃取物的皮肤划伤小鼠，可加速伤口愈合#29。相较于对照组，第二天时实验组小鼠的表皮生长因子(epidermal growth factor)和血管内皮生长因子(vascular endothelial growth factor)表现量明显较高、伤口较小，实验证明萃取物有刺激生长因子表现、减少细胞发炎和加速愈合功效。
改善睡眠呼吸中止
正规治疗之外，护理人员在早产儿出生第2天，藉由吸闻0.1 ml的10%大马士革蒸馏液体每日4次间隔3小时持续3天的辅助治疗，结果明显降低早产儿睡眠呼吸中止、心搏过缓(Bradycardia)和血氧饱和度(Pulse oximetry)#1。
抗忧郁、改善因药物造成的性功能障碍
使用选择性血清回收抑制剂(selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors，SSRIs)治疗重度忧郁症的男性伴随性功能障碍的副作用。68位使用SSRIs治疗重度忧郁症或因SSRIs导致性功能障碍的男性患者参与的随机分组研究#30，实验组每日口服含17mg香茅醇的大马士革精油2ml连续8周，研究结束患者自评忧郁情况和性功能，与对照组相比显著改善。相同的实验设计，作者持续在女性患者的研究#31，8周的实验期间，患者性欲、高潮和性满足随时间增加，但整体改善效果还是比在男性研究时小。
使用美沙冬维持疗法(Methadone Maintenance Treatment)治疗鸦片成瘾也有性功能障碍的副作用，相同作者另篇含50位男性患者的研究表示#32，8周大马士革精油的治疗除可改善药物疗程造成的性功能障碍，还有增加睾酮浓度的效果。
抗癫痫
因化学药物诱发癫痫的大鼠，在诱发前腹腔注射大马士革花的70%酒精萃取物50-200 mg/kg持续1周能有效减少发作频率、爆发放电(burst discharges)振幅，且可保护神经并延长发作潜伏期#33。大马士革叶精油也表现相同功效#34，诱发前30分钟腹腔注射精油750-1000 mg/kg的大鼠更能忍受电流诱发刺激、减少发作持续时间和放电振幅。另一项在小鼠的类似研究#35，水萃取物和酒精萃取物皆能有效延长发作潜伏期，水萃取物表现较佳，氯甲酸萃取物则无效。
缓解失眠
含36位失眠患者的研究使用大马士革花瓣粉、稀释纯露和纯露治疗失眠#36，结果发现每日3次每次3ml持续3周摄取纯露，治疗失眠效果明显优于其他2组。
降血脂、降血压
历时45天的高血脂白兔研究表示#37，每日口服1.5 g/kg大马士革花的甲醇萃取物有中度降低胆固醇、改善血脂的功效，但效果并不明显。另一篇相同实验方法评估血压的研究描述#38，高脂饮食加上大马士革花的甲醇萃取物会使白兔的血压、左心室舒张压和发展压(developed pressure)显著升高，恐会增加罹患高血压的风险。
还有研究发现腹腔注射大马士革70%酒精萃取物能帮助大鼠控制血压#39，注射250-1000 mg/kg剂量半小时后，可明显观察到大鼠舒张压和平均动脉压(Mean arterial pressure)下降，且浓度越高效果越好。
可能风险
小狗连续10天口服大马士革水萃取物1440 mg/kg，有观察到轻微肾和肝毒性#40，例如第10天时血液内肝脏转胺酶(alanine aminotransferase)上升，还有第3天时胆红素(serum bilirubin)短暂上升，另补充说明，这实验剂量是人类正常使用剂量的8倍。大马士革甲醇萃取物在大鼠的半数致死量为1200 mg/kg#7。回顾2017年以前的临床试验，并没有使用大马士革而发生严重副作用的案例，只有一位怀孕妈妈使用精油导致轻度的过敏性鼻炎#7,41。
【芳疗功效】
每日吸闻0.15 ml/kg大马士革精油持续28天的忧郁大鼠，可有效减少因忧郁造成的氧化损伤#42，实验发现大脑皮质的脂肪过氧化反应减少，且皮质中的维他命A,C,E和胡萝卜素浓度比对照组高，对可能诱发的氧化损伤产生保护作用。
包含20位大学女生的研究显示#43，吸闻90秒大马士革精油可有效帮助放松及感到舒适。使用1ml含20%大马士革精油的甜杏仁按摩油按摩下腹部5分钟，同样可帮助放松，减少焦虑和压力#44。由28位正值产后18个月内妇女参与的研究指出#45，藉由吸闻或手部按摩(hand m’technique)含2%大马士革玫瑰和真正薰衣草(1:3)的调合油每周2次每次15分钟持续4周，治疗中期或结束时即能明显降低产后焦虑。
50位2-3级烧烫伤病患参与的临床试验#9，实验组吸闻5滴40%大马士革花精20分钟后，平均可有效降低疼痛程度，且包扎过程中自觉痛感增加的人数明显较少。3-6岁儿童术后吸闻1-2滴大马士革花精能显著减少术后疼痛#46，64位儿童的临床试验指出，虽然在吸闻当下无明显疗效，可是经3,6,9和12小时后，实验组显著降低痛感。120位有下背痛困扰的孕妇#41，使用大马士革花瓣油萃物每日2次7滴涂抹于下背100 cm^2面积连续4周的实验组，明显有止痛功效。
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