玫瑰天竺葵(Rose Geranium,Pelargonium graveolens)

牻牛儿苗科(Geraniaceae)天竺葵属(Pelargonium)

学名:Pelargonium graveolens

中文名:玫瑰天竺葵

【生理活性】

玫瑰天竺葵叶子有强烈玫瑰味#2,根据Sayed A.Fayed研究#3,在整株的玫瑰天竺葵精油检测出32种成分,主要成分有香茅醇(citronellol,29.90%)、反式香叶醇(trans-geraniol,18.03%)、10-表-γ-桉叶醇(10-epi-γ-eudesmol,8.27%)、异薄荷酮(isomenthone,5.44%)、芳樟醇(linalool,5.13%)、乙酸香叶酯(geranyl acetate,4.52%)、γ-杜松烯(γ-Cadinene,2.89%)、丁酸香叶酯(Geranyl butyrate,2.53%)、惕各酸香叶酯(Geranyl tiglate,2.50%)和大根香叶烯(germacrene D,2.05%)。

民俗疗法

天竺葵属植物原生在非洲南边,17世纪时传入欧洲,目前产地以中国和中东为主,尤其是埃及和摩洛哥。人们使用根茎或全株治疗疟疾、肚子或子宫的不适。另外会用煎煮液擦发烧的病人,并搭配咀嚼玫瑰天竺葵,像吃口香糖一样,或是把玫瑰天竺葵粉末混入食物中吃。它的根煎煮液或浸泡液也会使用在治疗肠胃问题和呼吸道感染的治疗,地上部分(aerial parts,除根以外)则可用在伤口愈合。#4

抗氧化

2012年一篇刊载于食品管制(Food Control)期刊的研究指出#5-6,玫瑰天竺葵茎部精油的抗氧化力优于叶子部位,而茎和叶来源的纯露在抗氧化力检测表现上,优于百里酚抗氧化物。

抗菌

多项研究描述玫瑰天竺葵的抗细菌性,其精油对大肠杆菌、普通变形杆菌、产气肠杆菌(E.aerogenes)、金黄色葡萄球菌、粪肠球菌(E.faecalis)、枯草杆菌和表皮葡萄球菌(S.epiedermis)有效,但对绿脓杆菌和克雷伯氏肺炎菌(K.pneumonia)无效#7-8。另一研究则显示对肠道沙门氏菌(Salmonella enteritidis)、金黄色葡萄球菌、绿脓杆菌和枯草杆菌有效,但对李斯特菌(L.monocotyogenes)和大肠杆菌无效,其中抑制金黄色葡萄球菌的能力最好#9。

精油抑制真菌的能力更甚细菌,尤其抑制热带念珠菌(C.tropicalis)和白色念珠菌(C.albicans)的效果最好#7,10-13。汗斑(Pityriasis versicolor)主要是由马拉色菌属(Malasezia)真菌所感染,有研究探讨玫瑰天竺葵精油对3种马拉色菌属真菌(秕糠马拉癣菌Malassezia furfur、球型马拉色菌Malassezia globosa和钝形马拉色菌Malassezia obtusa)的抑制力,结果发现都能明显抑制,且对钝形马拉色菌最有用#14-15。另有实验指出#16,玫瑰天竺葵的乙酸乙酯萃取物可有效抑制镰孢菌属(Fusarium)真菌,在麴菌属(Aspergillus)的效果更好,而己烷萃取物则未表现出抗真菌力。

抗糖尿病

根据糖尿病大鼠的研究#17,口服剂量150毫克/公斤体重的玫瑰天竺葵叶精油持续1个月后可显著降低血糖,肝肾的氧化损伤也明显变小。

反转生育毒性

玫瑰天竺葵精油可反转雄性小鼠因溴氰菊酯(Deltamethrin)毒素所造成的生育毒性和氧化反应,每日口服67毫克/公斤体重的剂量持续35天,除了能改善精液品质,增加精子活动力和存活数,也展现抗氧化力#18。

抗癌

在人的血癌细胞实验#3,玫瑰天竺葵精油表现它潜在的抗癌细胞能力,浓度200µg/ml时可以杀死约79%的癌细胞。

抗发炎

在大鼠足跖的发炎浮肿实验#19,剂量0.4毫克/公斤体重的玫瑰天竺葵精油显示有抗发炎功效。

改善高血压和减少压力

每日口服0.45毫升的玫瑰天竺葵精油连续2个月,结果15位高血压患者中14位有改善效果,9位因压力产生不适的患者,8位有改善效果#19。

【芳疗功效】

掺混的玫瑰精油常会选择加玫瑰天竺葵调合。精油安全(Essential oil safety)一书作者Tisserand归纳可帮助睡眠的精油有薰衣草、甜马郁兰、柑橘、小豆蔻和玫瑰天竺葵#20。2013年一项日本临床研究指出#20-21,11位年长的住院患者,使用玫瑰天竺葵和胡椒薄荷(Mentha piperita)以及荷荷芭油调合的按摩油(2%),每周2次5分钟的按摩治疗合计8次,结果显示在问卷评比中能有效减轻心理压力。

5名患有轻度忧郁症的患者接受芳疗#22,治疗使用含甜橙(sweet orange)、玫瑰天竺葵和罗勒精油的按摩油,每周2次持续30分钟按摩连续4周,实验结束后经评量发现能明显改善忧郁状态。

43位安宁病房患者参与的临床研究#23,22位实验组患者使用含有薰衣草、茶树、薄荷和玫瑰天竺葵的精油做口腔护理,每天2次为期一周,结果患者口腔状态和舒适度都明显改善,白色念珠菌(Candida albicans)数也降低。

外用100%的玫瑰天竺葵精油能明显减少带状疱疹后神经痛(postherpetci neuralgia pain),具有止痛功效#24。使用含有快乐鼠尾草、甜马郁兰、肉桂、姜和天竺葵(geranium)精油的按摩油(1:1:0.5:1.5:1.5),甜杏仁油为基底,5%精油浓度)按摩腹部10分钟,24小时后可明显减少经痛,不过作者也强调,由于对照组未施以按摩或精油,所以减痛效果可能来自按摩+精油,也可能仅来自按摩或精油其一#25。

参考临床芳香疗法(Clinical Aromatherapy:Essential Oils in Healthcare,3e)一书作者Jane Buckle未公开的研究#20,玫瑰天竺葵精油有改善静脉曲张、皱纹和分娩疼痛的功效。在改善皱纹的实验#20,使用内含乳香(frankincense)、薰衣草、没药和玫瑰天竺葵精油(5%精油浓度,荷荷芭油为基底)的按摩油每天早晚按摩连续30天,结果10位实验组全都觉得皱纹改善,仅用荷荷芭油的对照组只有3位认为有改善。

【料理应用】

玫瑰天竺葵应用在食物料理上通常是为了它的玫瑰香气#6,主要使用叶子部分,因富含精油,有浓烈玫瑰香,可加在冰茶、蛋糕、甜点、冰淇淋、调酒、果酱和烘焙食品等增添层次。食品业习惯使用精油当作产品调味剂,添加在烘焙品、果冻、布丁、糖果、冰淇淋、酒精或非酒精性饮料等加工食品。另也可制成玫瑰味的调味糖、糖浆、起司、卡士达、水果酒和幕斯。#26

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作者:cofactor412