柠檬马鞭草(Lemon Verbena，Aloysia triphylla)

马鞭草科(Verbenaceae)防臭木属(Aloysia)或过江藤属(Lippia)

学名：Aloysia triphylla、Lippia citrodora、Aloysia citrodora、(Lippia citr i odora，旧称)#1(有说法指citr i odora都是错误使用)#2

中文名：柠檬马鞭草

【生理活性】

根据Mahmoodreza Moein的研究#4，柠檬马鞭草精油主成分有反式柠檬醛(geranial，16.70-26.94%)、顺式柠檬醛(neral，13.46-21.46%)、α-姜黄烯(α-Curcumene，7.90-9.15%)、δ-柠烯(δ-Limonene，3.89-12.41%)、桉油醇(1,8-Cineole，1.49-5.49%)和石竹烯氧化物(Caryophyllene oxide，2.52-9.30%)。

民俗疗法

柠檬马鞭草原生于中、南美洲，在当地非常流行，根据史料纪载，早在17世纪印加文明即用来当作草药。居住在安地斯山脉的传统术士(traditional healers)使用柠檬马鞭草治疗痉挛、支气管炎、消化和心脏疾病。墨西哥人常用来缓解胃的不适、沮丧和焦虑；在巴西有多种用途，酒精萃取物或精油可作为杀菌剂和皮肤病的治疗，巴西南方喜欢煮成茶当作杀虫剂、杀菌剂和兴奋剂，或喝下它治疗感冒、发烧、流感、痉挛、胀气、痤疮和神经相关疾病；阿根廷居民会使用柠檬马鞭草在抗痉挛、利尿、强心、镇静和消化等用途；在葡萄牙，则会用于治疗腹泻、失眠和风湿。#5

抗氧化

给大鼠口服柠檬马鞭草萃取物后，检测血液发现有强抗氧化力#6。另一类似研究#7，摄取萃取物后的大鼠，血液细胞内的抗氧化活性明显增加，且表现出抗发炎、抗动脉粥状化以及保护血液细胞的功效。柠檬马鞭草的水煮液和冷泡茶(infusion)可有效减少油脂氧化和蛋白质变质，而且水煮液的效果优于冷泡茶#8。其他在细胞的实验显示，柠檬马鞭草叶冷泡茶具有抗氧化和抗基因毒性的潜力功效#9。也有研究指出，防臭木属植物的精油能抗基因毒性，减少紫外光造成的DNA伤害#10。43位健康成人临床试验，结果表示柠檬马鞭草叶可减少脂肪过氧化，增加血液中抗氧化力#11。

抗菌和杀虫性

柠檬马鞭草叶精油在浓度2.84-3.87mg/ml时可抑制大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和绿脓杆菌#12。另一研究指柠檬马鞭草整株酒精萃取物对绿脓杆菌抑制效果最好，对枯草杆菌(B.subtilis)最差#13。不过在转糖链球菌(Streptococcus mutans)和边缘链球菌(S.sobrinu)的实验，2%的酒精和水萃取物无法有效抑制#14。

作为杀虫剂，其精油能有效对付热带家蚊(Culex quinquefasciatus)，尤其是和冬季香薄荷(Satureja montana)1：1混合时，效果更好，通常含有高浓度柠檬醛的精油都有此特性#5,15。2011年一项使用纯胡薄荷酮(pulegone)和柠檬醛2种化合物对付头虱的研究，结果显示可改善42-55%#16。

保护神经

根据小鼠的神经母细胞瘤细胞实验，柠檬马鞭草精油在浓度0.1 mg/ml有保护神经作用#17。

镇静、麻醉、抗痉挛、抗焦虑和助焦虑

柠檬马鞭草精油可麻醉白鲶鱼(silver catfish)，且浓度不需1 ppm#18，使用更低浓度时，则有镇静功效#19。另在未成年的白虾也有相同效果#20。动物实验发现水萃取物浓度超过10 mg/kg会增加大鼠焦虑#21，但其他实验却显示脂溶性萃取物可有效降低小鼠焦虑#22，专家认为这样的差异可能源于脂溶性分子较易通过血脑屏障，发挥抗焦虑功效。

酒精萃取物可改善小鼠因电流或化学药物引发的癫痫，实验显示能减少发作持续时间并增加潜伏期#23。Ragone研究#24指水萃取物可减少肠道收缩，松弛肠道平滑肌(intestinal smooth muscle)，效果可达常用治疗药的78-81%，能改善肠躁症及相关肠胃病。作者从萃取物中纯化出两种黄酮类成分：牡荆素(Vitexin)和异牡荆素(isovitexin)，结果显示牡荆素有相同效果，可是异牡荆素无效。

改善肠胃病

甲醇萃取物可减少大鼠小肠的异常蠕动，实验发现可抑制32%，效果等同于常用止泻药乐必宁(loperamide)，也和传统疗法作为止泻药的想法相呼应#25。柠檬马鞭草浸泡茶(infusion)可预防大鼠因葡聚糖硫酸钠(Dextran sulfate sodium，DSS)诱发的结肠炎(colitis)，减少结肠损伤和变形#26。

止痛、抗发炎

柠檬马鞭草除可抗痉挛，也有抗发炎功效，根据大鼠和体外子宫平滑肌实验的结果，柠檬马鞭草的己烷萃取物以及主要成分柠檬醛，都展现抗痉挛和抗发炎功效#27。柠檬马鞭草含有的成分毛蕊花糖苷(verbascoside)，经研究可减少大鼠的坐骨神经性疼痛#28。还有在其他的大鼠实验，利用口服和腹腔注射摄取毛蕊花糖苷后，同样表现出痛觉敏感度降低的功效#29。在一项30位多发性硬化症患者参与的临床试验，实验组每日吃600毫克柠檬马鞭草萃取物持续28天，结果显示血液内发炎因子下降，抗发炎的细胞激素(cytokine)浓度则明显上升了#30。

减少心血管疾病风险

在一项随机双盲100位心血管疾病高风险患者参与的临床试验，摄取50或100毫克毛蕊花糖苷持续2周后，相比对照组，100毫克高剂量组显示患者血小板凝集(platelet aggregation)显著减少，降低血栓形成风险#31。

抗癌

体外实验指出#5,13，柠檬马鞭草酒精萃取物能抑制人类大肠癌细胞的增生(38.66%)，在浓度1000 mg/ml时有最大抑制效果。

可能风险

Oskouei Shirvan的研究#32指剂量0.5毫克/公斤体重的柠檬马鞭草水萃取物不会让怀孕小鼠产下畸型胎儿。在急性毒性试验显示，水萃取物和毛蕊花糖苷的半数致死剂量都在5公克/公斤体重以上，持续21天的摄取则没有发现明显中毒现象#33-34。摄取高剂量的柠檬马鞭草可能发生胃刺激#5。使用含高浓度柠檬醛的精油可能产生光敏性#35，建议皮肤外用时最高浓度不超过0.9%#36，且最好避免阳光直射#37。

【芳疗功效】

柠檬马鞭草精油非常稀有且昂贵，常会和便宜精油掺混，例如柠檬草#37。临床芳香疗法(Clinical Aromatherapy)书中描述#36皮肤外用或嗅闻柠檬马鞭草精油有助于缓解慢性疼痛。另一本书(The aromatherapy book:applications and inhalations)表示#38扩香使用柠檬马鞭草能改善气色及帮助睡眠。

【料理应用】

柠檬马鞭草原生在中南美洲，17世纪时被西班牙探险者带回欧洲后广受欢迎。在欧洲，柠檬马鞭草常加入水果茶或沙拉调味，它的干燥碎叶能为任何的水果沙拉增添风味，也会使用在鱼汤、腌料、布丁、果酱、烘焙食品和甜点。它在料理过程中气味不会走调，适合和水果、香草荚、家禽和海鲜料理搭配，带强烈柠檬香气，可取代柠檬皮，但不带苦味，喜爱柠檬香气的人对它会很着迷。柠檬马鞭草常制成香草茶或饮料，和薄荷搭配更是经典，不过因叶子很硬，最好在喝前除去。初生的嫩叶则可炒来吃，或是作为沙拉素材。#39-42

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作者：cofactor412