奥勒冈(Oregano，Origanum vulgar)

唇形科(Lamiaceae)奥勒冈属(Origanum)

学名：Origanum vulgar

中文名：奥勒冈、野马郁兰、牛至、披萨草

奥勒冈的希腊文意思为山中的愉悦(mountain joy)，在古希腊和罗马都视为幸福的象征#1。

【生理活性】

香芹酚(carvacrol)、百里酚(thymol)、柠烯(limonene)、蒎烯(pinene)、罗勒烯(ocimene)和石竹烯(caryophyllene)等成分构成奥勒冈独特气味#1。奥勒冈精油主要是单萜类或其衍生物成分组成，有些研究显示香芹酚和百里酚可达80%#1，不过就算相同品种，其精油成分的差异还是可能会非常大#2。

民俗疗法

奥勒冈会使用于呼吸系统、肠胃道和泌尿道相关病症，还有经痛的舒缓。皮肤外用时可治疗青春痘和头皮屑#1。

抗氧化

奥勒冈精油可预防小鼠脑中多元不饱和脂肪酸的自氧化，主要原因便是有香芹酚和百里酚这些抗氧化物的存在#3。抗氧化试验中，奥勒冈叶-花精油的抗氧化力表现比根、茎部位还要优异#4。在患有大肠癌的大鼠实验，奥勒冈水萃取物可提升抗氧化酵素的活性，且能减少脂肪氧化和增加抗氧化力#5。母猪吃含有希腊奥勒冈(O.vulgare subsp.hirtum)的饲料时，小猪血液中有较少的氧化物，DNA损伤降低#6。

抗发炎

人初生的纤维母细胞实验显示，奥勒冈精油能抑制发炎反应#7，香芹酚在小鼠发炎模型同样观察到有抑制效果#8，同样的，其他成分p-伞花烃(p-cymene)#9和β-石竹烯(β-caryophyllene)#10-13也表现它的抗发炎特性。

抗菌

多种奥勒冈属植物的精油或萃取物可抑制细菌、酵母菌和一些真菌#14-21。奥勒冈精油能抑制幽门螺旋杆菌(Helicobacter pylori)#22，萃取物在约175μg/mL浓度时能抑制克氏锥虫(Trypanosoma cruzi)#23，避免肠胃炎。一篇短期的临床研究指出，每日服用600毫克乳化的奥勒冈精油持续6周有助于改善消化道病症#24。香芹酚和百里酚同样具有抗菌功效#25-27。

抗癌

Begnini实验表示#28，奥勒冈精油可抑制人类乳癌和大肠癌细胞增殖，不过抑制效果不会随精油浓度增加而增加。另一研究指出，奥勒冈精油同样能抑制乳癌细胞以及前列腺癌细胞，且甜马郁兰的效果要优于奥勒冈#29。在动物肿瘤实验，持续3个月口服奥勒冈精油(0.3μg/day)的小鼠，其肿瘤大小减少1.5倍，生长明显停滞，且肝脏脂肪氧化物和对照组相比，减少了36%，抗氧化酵素的活性则增加1.5-3倍#30。

降血糖和抗糖尿病

实验显示，奥勒冈精油可抑制α-淀粉酵素(α-amylase)和α-葡萄糖苷酵素(α-glucosidase)活性，这2种酵素可分解糖类食物使糖类有效吸收，导致血糖升高，减少这2种酵素活性即能延缓血糖升高，降低糖尿病患者风险#31-32。

其他

香芹酚在小鼠身上显示有预防肥胖功效#33，大鼠实验则指出可减少肝脏损伤和溃疡#34-35。

【芳疗功效】

美国超过10年经验的草药学家Stephany Hoffelt认为，利用嗅闻棒(personal inhaler)吸嗅含5滴奥勒冈、5滴茶树和5滴柠檬的综合精油，或是使用5-6滴奥勒冈精油以扩香仪(aroma diffuser)扩香30-60分钟，对气喘、流感、头痛和偏头痛都有帮助#36。

若是消化方面病症，嗅闻棒可调和5滴奥勒冈、5滴姜和5滴甜橙(Citrus sinensis)精油，或是使用5-6滴奥勒冈精油以扩香仪扩香30-60分钟。或是调配8滴奥勒冈、3滴姜、4滴薄荷和9滴甜橙精油，再加上4大汤匙(约60毫升)甜杏仁油，混合均匀后取5毫升外用在腹部并按摩，可能会有效果#36。

【料理应用】

奥勒冈是美式意大利料理频繁使用的香草，它是美军在第二次世界大战时吃披萨调味的香草，战后带回国内开始广受欢迎#1。奥勒冈常和烘／烧烤、油／煎炸的蔬菜、肉类和鱼搭配料理，它在南意大利常使用在辣味料理，北意大利则比较喜欢用甜马郁兰。地中海、菲律宾和拉丁美洲料理也常用到，在土耳其主要用在肉的调味，尤其是羊肉，习惯和盐、红椒粉、胡椒一起使用#1。希腊沙拉会加入干燥磨碎的奥勒冈叶，且会和柠檬橄榄油制成酱汁，使用在烤鱼或烤肉。菲律宾南方使用奥勒冈在牛肉料理，不仅能去腥还可以增加风味#1。

奥勒冈精油添加浓度在2.0%wt/wt时可抑制牛肉中微生物的生长#37，不过也有其他研究显示奥勒冈精油对BBQ鸡肉中的小肠结肠耶氏菌(Yersinia enterocolitica)和李斯特菌(Listeria monocytogenes)无效#38。

根据研究，在料理前加入富含抗氧化物的辛香料到汉堡肉中，料理后可减少产生的氧化物71%，且食用后从尿液检测的氧化物浓度也比吃一般汉堡的人减少49%，这些辛香料配方为红椒粉(30.44%)、奥勒冈(26.17%)、大蒜粉(12.99%)、姜(10.86%)、黑胡椒(6.51%)、迷迭香(4.34%)、肉桂(4.34%)和丁香(4.34%)(11.3%辛香料／汉堡肉重)#39。

除了常和肉类、烤肉、海鲜搭配料理，奥勒冈也会和番茄、罗勒、柠檬、马铃薯或蛋类组合使用。适合添加在披萨、汤类、沙拉、烧烤、义式面食、地中海和墨西哥料理，但不适合和甜点搭配。

参考文献：

(1)Dhrubo Jyoti Sen;Oregano:the mountain of joy on taste buds.WorldJournal of Pharmaceutical Sciences:4(12),226-234,2016.

(2)Leyva-López N,Gutiérrez-Grijalva EP,Vazquez-Olivo G,Heredia JB.Essential oils of oregano:biological activity beyond their antimicrobial properties.Molecules 2017;22(6):1-24.

(3)Terenina,MB;Misharina,TA;Krikunova,NI;Alinkina,ES;Fatkulina,LD;Vorob’yova,AK Oregano essential oil as an inhibitor of higher fatty acid oxidation.Appl.Biochem.Microbiol.2011,47,445–449.

(4)Han,F.;Ma,G.-Q.;Yang,M.;Yan,L.;Xiong,W.;Shu,J.-C.;Zhao,Z.-D.;Xu,H.-L.Chemical composition and antioxidant activities of essential oils from different parts of the oregano.J.Zhejiang Univ.Sci.B 2017,18,79–84.

(5)Srihari T,Sengottuvelan M,Nalini N.Dose-dependent effect of oregano(Origanum vulgare L.)on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant status in 1,2-dimethylhydrazine-induced rat colon carcinogenesis.J Pharm Pharmacol 2008;60:787-794.

(6)Tan,C.;Wei,H.;Sun,H.;Ao,J.;Long,G.;Jiang,S.;Peng,J.Effects of dietary supplementation of oregano essential oil to sows on oxidative stress status,lactation feed intake of sows,and piglet performance.Biomed.Res.Int.2015,2015,9.

(7)Han,X.;Parker,TL Anti-inflammatory,tissue remodeling,immunomodulatory,and anticancer activities of oregano(Origanum vulgare)essential oil in a human skin disease model.Biochim.Open 2017,4,73–77.

(8)Lima,MDS;Quintans-Júnior,LJ;De Santana,WA;Martins Kaneto,C.;Pereira Soares,MB;Villarreal,CF Anti-inflammatory effects of carvacrol:Evidence for a key role of interleukin-10.Eur.J.Pharmacol.2013,699,112–117.

(9)De Souza Siqueira Quintans,J.;Menezes,PP;Santos,MRV;Bonjardim,LR;Almeida,JRGS;Gelain,DP;Araújo,AAdS;Quintans-Júnior,LJ Improvement of p-cymene antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects by inclusion inβ-cyclodextrin.Phytomedicine 2013,20,436–440.

(10)Abbas,MA;Taha,MO;Zihlif,MA;Disi,AMβ-caryophyllene causes regression of endometrial implants in a rat model of endometriosis without affecting fertility.Eur.J.Pharmacol.2013,702,12–19.

(11)Alberti,T.;Barbosa,W.;Vieira,J.;Raposo,N.;Dutra,R.(-)-β-caryophyllene,a CB2 receptor-selective phytocannabinoid,suppresses motor paralysis and neuroinflammation in a murine model of multiple sclerosis.Int.J.Mol.Sci.2017,18,691.

(12)Klauke,AL;Racz,I.;Pradier,B.;Markert,A.;Zimmer,AM;Gertsch,J.;Zimmer,A.The cannabinoid cb2 receptor-selective phytocannabinoidβ-caryophyllene exerts analgesic effects in mouse models of inflammatory and neuropathic pain.Eur.Neuropsychopharmacol.2014,24,608–620.

(13)Park,K.-R.;Nam,D.;Yun,H.-M.;Lee,S.-G.;Jang,H.-J.;Sethi,G.;Cho,SK;Ahn,KSβ-caryophyllene oxide inhibits growth and induces apoptosis through the suppression of PI3K/AKT/mTOR/S6K1 pathways and ROS-mediated MAPKs activation.Cancer Lett.2011,312,178–188.

(14)Kalemba D,Kunicka A.Antibacterial and antifungal properties of essential oils.Curr Med Chem.2003;10:813-829.

(15)Dorman H,Deans S.Antimicrobial agents from plants:antibacterial activity of plant volatile oils.J Appl Microbiol.2000;88:308-316.

(16)Aligiannis N,Kalpoutzakis E,Mitaku S,Chinou I.Composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oils of two Origanum species.J Agric Food Chem.2001;49:4168-4170.

(17)Leeja L,Thoppil J.Antimicrobial activity of methanol extract of Origanum majorana L.(sweet marjoram).J Environ Biol.2007;28:145-146.

(18)Sokmen M,Serkedjieva J,Daferera D,et al.In vitro antioxidant,antimicrobial,antiviral activities of the essential oil and various extracts from herbal parts and callus cultures of Origanum acutidens.J Agric Food Chem.2004;52:3309-3312.

(19)Bozin B,Mimica-Dukic N,Simin N,Anackov G.Characterization of the volatile composition of essential oils of some Lamiaceae spices and the antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of the entire oils.J Agric Food Chem.2006;54:1822-1828.

(20)Elgayyar M,Draughon F,Golden D,Mount J.Antimicrobial activity of essential oils from plants against selected pathogenic and saprophytic microorganisms.J Food Prot.2001;64:1019-1024.

(21)Manohar V,Ingram C,Gray J,et al.Antifungal activities of Origanum oil against Candida albicans.Mol Cell Biochem.2001;228:111-117.

(22)O’Mahony R,AlKhtheeri H,Weerasekera D,et al.Bactericidal and anti-adhesive properties of culinary and medicinal plants against Helicobacter pylori.World J Gastroenterol.2005;11:7499-7507.

(23)Santoro G,DasGracas-Cardoso M,Guimaraes L,et al.Effect of oregano(Origanum vulgare L.)and thyme(Thymus vulgaris L.)essential oils on Trypanosoma cruzi(protozoa:Kinetoplastida)growth and ultrastructure.Parasitol Res.2007;100:783-790.

(24)Force M,Sparks W,Ronzio R.Inhibition of enteric parasites by emulsified oil of oregano in vivo.Phytother Res.2000;14:213-214.

(25)Periago P,Delgado B,Fernandez P,Palop A.Use of carvacrol and cymene to control growth and viability of Listeria monocytogenes cells and predictions of survivors using frequency distribution functions.J Food Prot.2004;67:1408-1416.

(26)Burt S,VanDerZee R,Koets A,et al.Carvacrol induces heat shock protein 60 and inhibits synthesis of flagellin in Escherichia coli O157:H7.Appl Environ Microbiol.2007;73:4484-4490.

(27)Cristani M,D’Arrigo M,Mandalari G,et al.Interaction of four monoterpenes contained in essential oils with model membranes:implications for antibacterial activity.J Agric Food Chem.2007;55:6300-6308.

(28)Begnini,KR;Nedel,F.;Lund,RG;Carvalho,PHD;Rodrigues,MRA;Beira,FTA;Del-Pino,FAB Composition and antiproliferative effect of essential oil of Origanum vulgare against tumor cell lines.J.Med.Food 2014,17,1129–1133.

(29)Hussain,AI;Anwar,F.;Rasheed,S.;Nigam,PS;Janneh,O.;Sarker,SD Composition,antioxidant and chemotherapeutic properties of the essential oils from two Origanum species growing in Pakistan.Rev.Bras.Farmacogn.Braz.J.Pharmacogn.2011,21,943–952.

(30)Misharina,TA;Burlakova,EB;Fatkullina,LD;Alinkina,ES;Vorob’eva,AK;Medvedeva,IB;Erokhin,VN;Semenov,VA;Nagler,LG;Kozachenko,AI Effect of oregano essential oil on the engraftment and development of lewis carcinoma in f1 dba c57 black hybrid mice.Appl.Biochem.Microbiol.2013,49,432–436.

(31)Sarikurkcu,C.;Zengin,G.;Oskay,M.;Uysal,S.;Ceylan,R.;Aktumsek,A.Composition,antioxidant,antimicrobial and enzyme inhibition activities of two Origanum vulgare subspecies(subsp.vulgare and subsp.hirtum)essential oils.Ind.Crop.Prod.2015,70,178–184.

(32)Alef,B.;Abdennacer,B.;Mohamed,B.alpha-amylase inhibitory activities of Origanum glandolosum,a North African endemic species.Int.J.Adv.Res.2013,1,25–32.

(33)Cho,S.;Choi,Y.;Park,S.;Park,T.Carvacrol prevents diet-induced obesity by modulating gene expressions involved in adipogenesis and inflammation in mice fed with high-fat diet.J.Nutr.Biochem.2012,23,192–201.

(34)Rajan,B.;Ravikumar,R.;Premkumar,T.;Devaki,T.Carvacrol attenuates n-nitrosodiethylamine induced liver injury in experimental wistar rats.Food Sci.Hum.Wellness 2015,4,66–74.

(35)Silva,FV;Guimarães,AG;Silva,ERS;Sousa-Neto,BP;Machado,FDF;Quintans-Júnior,LJ;Arcanjo,DDR;Oliveira,FA;Oliveira,RCM Anti-inflammatory and anti-ulcer activities of carvacrol,a monoterpene present in the essential oil of oregano.J.Med.Food 2012,15,984–991.

(36)https://naturalherballiving.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Oregano-Natural-Herbal-Living-Magazine-October-2015.pdf

(37)Juneja V,Thippareddi H,Friedman M.Control of Clostridium perfringens in cooked ground beef by carvacrol,cinnamaldehyde,thymol or oregano oil.J Food Prot.2006;69:1546-1551.

(38)Firouzi R,Shekarforoush S,Nazer A,Borumand Z,Jooyandeh A.Effects of essential oils of oregano and nutmeg on growth and survival of Yersinia enterocolitica and Listeria monocytogenes in barbequed chicken.J Food Prot.2007;70:2626Y2630.

(39)Li Z,Henning SM,Zhang Y,Zerlin A,Li L,Gao K,Lee RP,Karp H,Heber D.2010.Antioxidant-rich spice added to hamburger meat during cooking results in reduced meat,plasma,and urine malondialdehyde concentrations.Am J Clin Nutr 91:1180–4

作者：cofactor412